Legal & acknowledgements

Image credits

Sources, creators, licenses and modifications for the website image library. Industrial photographs are contextual and do not imply a client relationship.

Licenses apply to the credited images individually. Any applicable share-alike terms cover those image adaptations. They do not license the website’s text, charts or models. Founder portraits are used with permission. Generated images show fictional scenes and equipment.

Founder portraits: photographs by David Surowiecki, supplied by the subject for use on this website. Permission is specific to CovalentIQ; no general reuse license is offered.

Generated illustrations: created for CovalentIQ using GPT image tools, with technical references reviewed separately. These fictional compositions illustrate equipment and process context. Engineering designs require separate validation. Technical references inform the subject; their vendor photographs remain with the original sources and are excluded from the generated image content.

Workbook screenshots: native captures of CovalentIQ's Excel models, published by CovalentIQ. Copyright CovalentIQ. All rights reserved. The source workbook and capture details are recorded with each image.

Browse the visual library and placements · Compare image revisions

An unbranded aircraft wing above clouds in the morning sky, illustrating aviation as an end use for fuel.

Aviation fuel end use

Creator: Michael (Bacon Noodles)
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC0 1.0
Changes: Resized from the original 4000 x 2252 photograph without enlargement and encoded to WebP q82; metadata removed. No retouching, compositing, color change or crop is embedded. Responsive presentation may crop at the recorded focal point.

Real aircraft-wing photograph, identified by its author as an Embraer E190. It provides aviation end-use context only: no e-SAF content, fuel certification, emissions performance or production route can be inferred. No operator or supplier affiliation is implied.

Generated conceptual still life of wheat, starch powder, polymer pellets and formed packaging.

Bio-based feedstocks and polymers

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: New generated illustration replacing the previous photograph. Proportional resizing and WebP encoding only; old files and credits preserved for comparison.

A concept illustration linking feedstock, polymer and application. Composition, bio-based content, processing route and suitability for composting, biodegradation or a specific use require separate verification. The depicted trays are illustrative product forms. Prefer wide framing to retain the feedstock and application context.

Technical composition references:

Bio-based materials · technical composition reference

Overhead view of covered circular tanks and connected equipment at a biogas plant.

Biogas production from above

Creator: Julia Koblitz
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Unsplash License
Changes: AI-assisted daylight/exposure edit, followed by responsive resizing and WebP encoding. Main biogas-tank arrangement retained; fine details may be re-rendered. Original and prior versions preserved; source remains attributed under the Unsplash License.

The source confirms biogas production. Biomethane upgrading and bio-LNG liquefaction are outside its documented scope. AI-assisted lighting edits make this an illustrative adaptation of the photograph; small surface and fitting details may have been re-rendered. The image is used independently of the facility operator.

AI-generated illustration of small-scale biomethane liquefaction equipment and cryogenic storage.

Biomethane liquefaction and cryogenic storage

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: Proportional downsampling and WebP encoding at quality 82 only. No crop, recoloring or content edit; no upscaling.

A broad equipment illustration of a fictional facility. Enclosed process internals are omitted. Purification equipment and gas provenance require separate verification. A complete operational liquefaction plant and transfer/loading system would require engineering design and validation; refine the transfer interface before using a close technical view.

Parallel stainless-steel pipes and red valve handles in biogas-upgrading equipment.

Biomethane upgrading equipment

Creator: Eisenmann AG
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Changes: Cropped to upper pipework detail to exclude small component maker stamps; resized without enlargement and converted to WebP. Natural color preserved; no logo removal, blur, generative fill or compositing. Adapted image remains under CC BY-SA 3.0.

The manufacturer’s own-work Commons record identifies this as a biogas-upgrading installation. Its documented scope is the upgrading stage. Separation technology, throughput, methane recovery and liquefaction capability require separate verification; digestion and bio-LNG liquefaction are outside the documented scope.

Cement carbon-capture installation

Creator: PutTheKettleOn
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC BY 4.0
Changes: Existing brand-excluding crop retained. AI-assisted brighter daylight and sky edit, followed by responsive resizing and WebP encoding. Main equipment arrangement retained; fine details may be re-rendered. Original and prior versions preserved. Adapted files retain CC BY 4.0.

A capture installation at a cement plant, identified by the original photographer. Capture performance, operating status at the photo date and applicability to model scenarios require separate evidence. The image is used independently of the operator. AI-assisted lighting edits make this an illustrative adaptation of the photograph; small surface and fitting details may have been re-rendered.

Generated illustration of a blue coated test panel, drawdown applicator and unbranded paint sample.

Coating development and evaluation

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: New generated illustration replacing the previous photograph. Proportional resizing and WebP encoding only; old files and credits preserved for comparison.

Illustrative coating development and surface evaluation. Any experiment, Hegman gauge measurement or formulation assessment would require separate test data. Wide views retain the paint cup and surrounding panels that make the subject clear.

Technical composition references:

Coating development · technical composition reference

AI-generated illustration of a coating disperser with vessel restraint and space above the liquid.

Coating formulation: disperser

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: Proportional downsampling and WebP encoding at quality 82 only. No crop, recoloring or content edit; no upscaling.

Simplified coating-formulation illustration of a fictional customer production setting. Visual plausibility has been reviewed. Internal volume, blade position and diameter, clamp capacity, lift clearances, interlocks and safe operating procedures require engineering verification. The white liquid has unspecified chemistry; waterborne chemistry and TiO2 content require separate evidence. Operating instructions must come from the equipment documentation.

Three tall insulated process columns with platforms, ladders and interconnecting pipework.

Distillation equipment

Creator: User:Luigi Chiesa
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC BY 3.0
Changes: resized and converted to WebP. No retouching, recoloring, logo removal or blur.

The source describes a double-effect distillation plant. It provides separation and process-equipment context. Feedstock, product chemistry, ownership and low-carbon status require separate verification.

A process column, plant building and vessels at an e-methanol facility.

E-methanol process and storage equipment

Creator: Hjart
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Changes: Fixed crop {"left": 1840, "top": 900, "width": 2700, "height": 1500}; resized and WebP encoded. No blur, retouching or object replacement. All adapted image files remain under CC BY-SA 4.0. Original preserved.

Photograph of an e-methanol production facility identified by Commons. European Energy documents its renewable-electricity and biogenic-CO2 production route. Individual process-unit labels, project economics, model assumptions and supply contracts require separate evidence. The image is used independently of the project and operator.

Overlapping navy, pale blue and amber speech panels containing simple lines, representing several voices in an expert conversation.

Expert interviews: abstract conversation

Creator: CovalentIQ using the built-in GPT image-generation tool
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; approved for its website use
Changes: Responsive downsampling and WebP encoding. Full composition retained; no added text, cropping or upscaling.

Abstract editorial illustration of a conversation. The line marks are graphic placeholders representing speech.

Rows of stainless-steel fermentation vessels beneath service walkways in an industrial brewing hall.

Fermentation vessel hall

Creator: WanderingTrad
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Changes: AI-assisted bright interior lighting, lifted shadows and stainless-steel highlights, followed by responsive resizing and WebP encoding. Main fermentation-vessel and walkway arrangement retained; fine details may be re-rendered. Original and prior versions preserved. Adapted files remain under CC BY-SA 4.0.

The original photographer identifies beer fermentation tanks; Commons categorizes the scene as the interior of Tartu Brewery in Estonia. The photograph provides brewery fermentation context. Biopolymer, enzyme and specialty biochemical production are outside its documented scope. AI-assisted lighting edits make this an illustrative adaptation of the photograph; small surface and fitting details may have been re-rendered.

AI-generated illustration of a static film-rewinding assembly with aligned roll, bearing and drive.

Film rewinding: static assembly

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: Proportional downsampling and WebP encoding at quality 82 only. No crop, recoloring or content edit; no upscaling.

Static, simplified, unguarded rewinding subassembly with a short free upstream end. Upstream supply, tension and edge control, guards, emergency stops and electrical controls are omitted. Connections and drive/coupling specifications require manufacturer validation, dimensioning and engineering. Performance and safety certification require separate assessment. The film’s composition is unspecified. The illustration’s scope is limited to static film-winding equipment.

Steel gantries, busbars, insulators and switching equipment in an outdoor electricity substation.

High-voltage grid infrastructure

Creator: Novoklimov
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC BY 4.0
Changes: resized without enlargement and converted to WebP. Natural color preserved; no logo removal, blur, generative fill or compositing.

The original author identifies the installation as a 750 kV substation switchyard. It provides grid and transmission context. Any claim about a plant connection, capacity available for purchase or renewable generation requires separate evidence.

Microsoft Excel window showing editable electrolyzer technology assumptions in CovalentIQ’s hydrogen model, with the Data ribbon and workbook tabs visible.

Inside Excel: editable model assumptions

Creator: CovalentIQ
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CovalentIQ workbook content and screenshot capture. Microsoft Excel interface shown for application context.
Changes: Native Alt+PrintScreen capture saved as genuine PNG, responsive downsampling and lossless WebP encoding. No cropping, upscaling, reconstructed interface, cursor retouching or altered model values. Native-size WebP is pixel-identical to the PNG source.

Issued Green Hydrogen LCOH v4.5, Inputs_Electrolyzers sheet at 117% zoom, Data ribbon and workbook tabs. Captured from the read-only display copy; no workbook or paid-package changes.

Inside Excel: editable model assumptions

Creator: CovalentIQ
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CovalentIQ workbook content and screenshot capture. Microsoft Excel interface shown for application context.
Changes: Genuine full-window capture, responsive downsampling and lossless WebP encoding. No cropping, upscaling, reconstructed interface or altered model values.

Issued Green Hydrogen LCOH v4.5, Inputs_Electrolyzers sheet at 100% zoom, Data ribbon and workbook tabs. Captured from an exact read-only local copy; no workbook or paid-package changes.

CovalentIQ Excel worksheet showing discounted capital, operating costs and hydrogen output, leading to cost per kilogram.

Inside the hydrogen model: cost per kilogram

Creator: CovalentIQ
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CovalentIQ copyright. All rights reserved.
Changes: Native workbook capture limited to the core calculation rows; WebP encoding. No values altered.

Excerpt from the issued Green Hydrogen LCOH v4.4 workbook, showing its Texas hybrid example. A static screenshot, with the calculations explained in the accompanying article.

Illustration of an articulated round-pipe loading arm connecting a fixed supply riser to the lower manifold of an unbranded tanker vehicle.

Liquid-fuel loading connection

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: Reused the previously reviewed corrected illustration. Proportional downsampling and WebP encoding at quality 84 only; no new generation, cropping or content edits.

A fixed anchored riser, continuous articulated round-pipe arm, separate counterbalance linkage and coupling at a tanker vehicle lower manifold form a credible generic bottom-loading connection. The generated swivels and couplings are illustrative; hardware certification and a complete loading-bay design require engineering work. Aviation service, SAF content, biofuel origin and carbon intensity require separate evidence.

Generated illustration of modern modular electrolysis stacks and adjacent process auxiliaries.

Modern electrolysis equipment

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: New generated illustration replacing the previous photograph. Proportional resizing and WebP encoding only; old files and credits preserved for comparison.

Generic electrolysis equipment with repeated-cell stacks, process piping and auxiliaries. The design is fictional and vendor-neutral. Gas segregation, electrical protection, capacity and complete process design require engineering validation. The illustration is independent of the model scenarios.

Technical composition references:

Water electrolysis · technical composition reference

Generated illustration of a modern robotic paint booth around an unbranded car body shell.

Modern robotic coating application

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: New generated illustration replacing the previous photograph. Proportional resizing and WebP encoding only; old files and credits preserved for comparison.

Illustrative coating-application context: body shell on a support skid, painting robots and extraction floor. The facility is fictional; booth design and coating formulation would require technical validation. Wide views retain the robots and application context.

Technical composition references:

Coatings application · technical composition reference

Generated illustration of unbranded molded-fiber food trays and matching lids.

Molded-fiber packaging

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: New generated illustration replacing the previous photograph. Proportional resizing and WebP encoding only; old files and credits preserved for comparison.

Illustrative molded-fiber product forms and surface texture. The objects are fictional. Fiber source, barrier chemistry, food-contact compliance, recyclability and compostability would require separate product specifications and verification.

Technical composition references:

Molded-fiber packaging · technical composition reference

Generated illustration of a large clear packaging-film roll on a supported converting-line spindle.

Packaging film conversion

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: New generated illustration replacing the previous photograph. Proportional resizing and WebP encoding only; old files and credits preserved for comparison.

Generic film handling and winding, with a supported roll, guide rollers and film web. Film formation is outside the depicted process stage. Polymer grade, multilayer construction, tension-control specification and operating safety require separate verification. The facility is fictional.

Technical composition references:

Film conversion · technical composition reference

Generated illustration of a polymer dogbone specimen held in a laboratory tensile-testing machine.

Polymer material testing

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: New generated illustration replacing the previous photograph. Proportional resizing and WebP encoding only; old files and credits preserved for comparison.

Illustrative material-property testing: specimen shoulders are gripped and the central gauge length is visible. The laboratory is fictional. Force, strain, polymer grade, test-standard compliance and customer results would require separate test records.

Technical composition references:

Polymer testing · technical composition reference

Tall process columns, yellow access platforms and pipework under a clear blue sky.

Process columns and pipework

Creator: Christian Harb
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Unsplash License
Changes: Natural source color; EXIF orientation applied, responsive downsampling and WebP compression only. No AI generation, compositing, fading or added objects.

Photograph of an industrial process installation used for sector context. Specific process route, capacity, operating status, ownership and client affiliation require separate evidence.

Generated concept illustration of electrolysis, nitrogen supply, ammonia synthesis and storage with distant wind turbines.

Renewable-ammonia production concept

Creator: CovalentIQ using GPT image generation
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Generated for CovalentIQ; no third-party photograph license
Changes: New generated illustration replacing the previous photograph. Proportional resizing and WebP encoding only; old files and credits preserved for comparison.

Fictional renewable-ammonia configuration for article context. The plant layout requires engineering validation. Wind turbines provide a visual cue; renewable matching, lifecycle emissions and the economics of any model preset require separate evidence. The previous conventional-plant photograph is preserved in the comparison archive.

Technical composition references:

Renewable ammonia concept · technical composition reference

Rows of ground-mounted solar panels extending across a gently sloping field.

Solar power at Serpa

Creator: Ceinturion
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Changes: resized without enlargement and converted to WebP. Natural color preserved; no logo removal, blur, generative fill or compositing. Adapted image remains under CC BY-SA 3.0.

The author’s Commons record identifies the Serpa solar power plant in Portugal. The image shows photovoltaic modules and field layout. Current capacity, hourly output and any supply relationship with a chemical plant require separate evidence.

Stan Sabitovs working at a computer in a bright office.

Stan Sabitovs at work

Creator: David Surowiecki Photography
Source: Original source / provenance
License: User-supplied portrait; authorized website use
Changes: Fixed crop {"left":306,"top":0,"width":4594,"height":4667} from the genuine 7000 x 4667 print-resolution original, reproducing the prior reviewed framing. Proportional downsampling and WebP encoding only. No upscaling, retouching, blur, logo removal or identity edits. Previous source and derivatives preserved.

Genuine photograph of CovalentIQ’s founder, supplied by him for use on the website.

Stan Sabitovs in a navy blazer in his office.

Stan Sabitovs in the office

Creator: David Surowiecki Photography
Source: Original source / provenance
License: User-supplied portrait; authorized website use
Changes: Fixed crop {"left": 0, "top": 0, "width": 1280, "height": 1067}; proportional downsampling and WebP encoding. No retouching, blur, logo removal or identity edits. Original preserved. Website framing revised to retain the complete face in wide and mobile views; the published portrait file itself is unchanged.

Genuine photograph of CovalentIQ’s founder, supplied by him for use on the website.

Stan Sabitovs outdoors

Creator: David Surowiecki Photography
Source: Original source / provenance
License: User-supplied portrait; authorized website use
Changes: Proportional downsampling and WebP encoding only; no retouching, recoloring or identity edits. Metadata omitted from delivery files. Website framing revised to retain the complete face in wide and mobile views; the published portrait file itself is unchanged.

Genuine photograph of CovalentIQ’s founder, supplied by him for use on the website.

Stan Sabitovs in a dark turtleneck, leaning beside an office desk.

Stan Sabitovs · advisory portrait

Creator: David Surowiecki Photography
Source: Original source / provenance
License: User-supplied portrait; authorized website use
Changes: Fixed crop {"left": 70, "top": 80, "width": 650, "height": 1160}; proportional downsampling and WebP encoding. No retouching, blur, logo removal or identity edits. Original preserved. Website framing revised to retain the complete face in wide and mobile views; the published portrait file itself is unchanged.

Genuine photograph of CovalentIQ’s founder, supplied by him for use on the website.

Stan Sabitovs in a dark suit and white shirt, standing with his arms crossed.

Stan Sabitovs, formal direct portrait

Creator: David Surowiecki Photography
Source: Original source / provenance
License: User-provided portrait collection, authorized for CovalentIQ website use
Changes: Responsive downsampling and WebP encoding. Original photograph retained; no AI alteration, retouching or compositing. Crops are controlled independently by website placement.

Genuine studio portrait of the CovalentIQ founder.

Stan Sabitovs in a dark suit and white shirt, with a slight smile and arms crossed.

Stan Sabitovs, formal founder portrait

Creator: David Surowiecki Photography
Source: Original source / provenance
License: User-provided portrait collection, authorized for CovalentIQ website use
Changes: Responsive downsampling and WebP encoding. Original photograph retained; no AI alteration, retouching or compositing. Crops are controlled independently by website placement.

Genuine studio portrait of the CovalentIQ founder.

Stan Sabitovs in a dark suit and open-collar white shirt, standing against a neutral studio background.

Stan Sabitovs, formal standing portrait

Creator: David Surowiecki Photography
Source: Original source / provenance
License: User-provided portrait collection, authorized for CovalentIQ website use
Changes: Responsive downsampling and WebP encoding. Original photograph retained; no AI alteration, retouching or compositing. Crops are controlled independently by website placement.

Genuine studio portrait of the CovalentIQ founder.

Aerial view of wind turbines across agricultural fields, partly framed by clouds.

Wind power across agricultural land

Creator: Thomas Richter
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Unsplash License
Changes: Natural source color; EXIF orientation applied, responsive downsampling and WebP compression only. No AI generation, compositing, fading or added objects.

A real wind landscape. No claim that this power supplies a particular facility or that it depicts a modeled project.

Large segregated piles of wood chips on a paved industrial stockyard.

Woody biomass for industrial heat

Creator: GIZ Bush Control and Biomass Utilisation Project
Source: Original source / provenance
License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Changes: Cropped to the documented equipment/feedstock detail; resized without enlargement and converted to WebP. Natural color preserved; no logo removal, blur, generative fill or compositing. Adapted image remains under CC BY-SA 4.0.

The photographer’s Commons description identifies wood chips from encroacher bush prepared for heat production at a cement plant in Namibia. The image provides solid-biomass feedstock and industrial-heat context. Sustainable certification, carbon neutrality, fermentation and liquid biofuel production require separate evidence.

Rows of white yarn or filament spools feeding fine strands across a production rack.

Yarn and filament conversion

Creator: Kevin Limbri
Source: Original source / provenance
License: Unsplash License
Changes: Natural source color; EXIF orientation applied, responsive downsampling and WebP compression only. No AI generation, compositing, fading or added objects.

Visual inspection identifies a yarn or filament creel. Source metadata is inconsistent: the page title refers to paper, while its tags include yarn and plastic. Fiber chemistry requires separate verification. The image can illustrate filament handling; polymer film, paper conversion and a specific resin are outside its verified scope.